Jail and Prison Essay

Numerous individuals in the United States don't realize that there are contrasts among prison and jail and what they are. Neighborhood purviews, for example, districts and urban communities, use prisons to keep guilty parties for brief timeframes. A jail, or prison, is constrained by the state, and is utilized to keep indicted lawbreakers for longer span (Schmallenger, 2011). A prison is intended for transient guilty parties, and has a greater number of enhancements than a jail. Correctional facilities house people who have been indicted to carry out a short punishment, normally one year or less, confine people anticipating preliminary, holding back to pay bail or denied bail, and prisoners hung on doubt of perpetrating a wrongdoing. Most correctional facilities are intended to hold an extremely modest number of crooks, and have low security when contrasted with detainment facilities. For instance, the Durango Jail in Phoenix, Arizona, houses around 2,214 prisoners. They give a broadly useful day room territory with seating zones, and a restroom zone with sinks, latrines, and showers, and have two enormous outside zones for amusement. The prison additionally incorporates a clinical center, church and instruction study halls where detainees can go to booked strict and instructive projects for the duration of the day (â€Å"Mcso†, 2013). Correctional facilities assume a significant job in the criminal equity framework, and without them, there would not be a spot to hold these momentary detainees and wrongdoers. A jail is a lot bigger than a prison, and fit for taking care of unmistakably more detainees. The detainees are ordinarily sorted and isolated based on the kinds of wrongdoings that they have been indicted for as a wellbeing insurance, and there are three kinds of penitentiaries: least security, medium security, and most extreme security. Least security detainees frequently have private rooms and can stroll around more uninhibitedly, just as store visits to buy sweets and tobacco. Medium security detainment facilities are more residence like and have walled amusement regions. Greatest security jails have more obstructions, towers, equipped monitors, and prisoners have far less leisure time and open zones. As indicated by â€Å"Arizona Department of Corrections† (2013), the Tucson Prison Complex in Tucson, Arizona, right now has a complete populace of around 3,700 detainees and an ability to hold up to 5,170 prisoners. Comforts incorporate exercise territories, regular regions for eating and associating in lower security regions, church offices, and an instructive office (Schmallenger, 2011). As a result of the long term of most jail sentences, a mind boggling social, and political structure emerges among the detainees. Detainees structure coteries and endeavor to make their predominance inside the wall and dividers. Jail culture and subculture influence the every day lives of detainees from the second they step foot in to a jail. Prisoners are characterized by their position, or progression, and are filled by having control over others and their notoriety is in question. Trading things, for example, tobacco, food, medications and stopgap weapons is a method of picking up power, just as utilizing sexual power and strength (Schmallenger, 2011). Gatherings are framed, posses are made and increased, and are frequently founded on race, ethnicity, religion and what your identity was engaged with outside of the jail doors. Because of these subcultures, vicious violations happen, the STD rate increments and the jail clinical costs increment. Putting guilty parties waiting on the post trial process or parole may impact the measurements, yet not by much, as events and savagery are continually continuous. Probation, an elective type of condemning, permits indicted wrongdoers to dodge prison time. They are discharged go into the network, yet should adhere to an exacting arrangement of rules. Rules can incorporate time limit, keeping up an occupation, and checking in with a post trial agent consistently. Probation is a useful device for the network, as it permits guilty parties to become positive good examples in the public arena by taking an interest in network administration just as sparing citizen dollars on conceivably pointless jail costs. Parole is administered by the official branch and is the restrictive arrival of a convict who has served some portion of his term in jail (University of Phoenix, 2011). The main role is to return guilty parties bit by bit to beneficial lives and are generally allowed by a parole board to a detainee with a decent record and great lead while in jail. Condemning wrongdoers to probation or discharging people on parole can let loose a large number of dollars every year, as it can cost somewhere in the range of $12,000 to $60,000 every year to house a prisoner (CNN Money, 2013). There are additionally a couple of different options in contrast to probation and parole that are likewise helpful, for example, sedate treatment offices, houseâ arrest and electronic observing, asylums, training camp detainment facilities, and work-discharge programs. Correctional facilities and detainment facilities, as a piece of the criminal equity framework, assume a significant job in the public arena. By hindering wrongdoing, making sure about crooks, and endeavoring to restore the individuals who have overstepped the law, they teach society, yet make a case of the individuals who effectively have finished condemning and restoration and have made themselves prospering results of society. References MCSO. (2013). Recovered from http://www.mcso.org/JailInformation/Durango.aspx Schmallenger, F. (2011). Criminal Justice Today. An Introductory Text for the 21st Century (eleventh ed.). : Prentice Hall. College of Phoenix. (2011). CJi Interactive. Recovered from University of Phoenix, CJA204 site. Arizona Department of Corrections. (2013). Recovered from http://www.azcorrections.gov/detainment facilities/Prisca_Prisons_Tucson.aspx CNN Money. (2013). Recovered from http://www.money.cnn.com/infographic/economy/training vsprisoncosts/

Legal Relationship Intention Commercial Agreements

Question: Examine about the Legal Relationship Intention for Commercial Agreements. Answer: Presentation It is unfathomable that an agreement will be official without an expectation to make a legitimate glorious relationship. The test for deciding the expectation of the gatherings has consistently been dictated by the rebuttable assumptions that a goal to make a legitimate relationship did or didn't exist between the gatherings. The rebuttable assumption test is an unmistakable precedent-based law statute that is applied in deciding goal of the gatherings in social, family and business understandings. Foundation of Intention In seeking after this conversation it is able to initiate with the foundation or history of the utilization of the rebuttable assumptions in deciding goal that will manage us to either concur with the conflicts made in the two cases above. In family and social understandings guarantees regardless of whether they were penetrated, were not lawfully enforceable in court as was held in Jones v Padavatton.[1] Moreover, the assumption was additionally reached out to mates who can be esteemed to have been inhabiting the time.[2] However this assumption couldn't stretch out to companions who had been judicially isolated or divorced.[3] Where there was a business understanding between people who are considered to be connected socially of locally such an assumptions will not exist anymore. The courts at that point were of the supposition that is such an assumption is smothers then that will open conduits for various suits and moreover in Balfour case it was expressed that the substance of custom-based law doesn't direct the sort of understandings that life partners ought to go into. On the off chance that the understanding had extensively surpassed what could be regarded as a social or family understanding the rebuttable assumption couldn't be applied as a goal here is as of now translated as existing.[4] For the business understanding it was consequently assumed that the gatherings in such an understanding had the imperative goal to be lawfully bound. The onus of demonstrating that such an aim didn't exist in business understandings was without a doubt a tough battle.[5] A method of evading such a goal to be lawfully bound in a business understanding was to embed a respect condition in the understanding that explicitly expresses that the gatherings don't plan to be legitimately bound.[6] Ermogenous Summary The instance of Ermogenous v Greek Orthodox Community of SA Inc (Ermogenous)[7] redirected structure what is viewed as the conventional methodology of deciding the goal of the gatherings. The case included Archbishop Ermogenous who was making a case for administration at the Greek customary network. The court of first occurrence was guided by the rebuttable assumptions and the petitioner activity that kept up that there was a lawful expectation fizzled. On claim, the court held that the test ought not be laid on the rebuttable assumptions however it should be a goal one. They further expressed that the assumption could deceive the court to handily interpret that there was no goal by the gatherings due to the idea of work. The court attested that while deciding the aim of aspects of the case must be respected. Evans Summary In Evans v Secretary, Department of Families, Housing, Community Services and Indigenous Affairs (Evans)[8] the court repeated the situation in Emogenous case and proceeded to discover that the rebuttable assumptions had even been stifled. The issue in court for this situation was whether an agreement existed between a grown-up kid and a parent and the utilization of the rebuttable assumptions was again called to address. Perceptions (State, with reasons, regardless of whether you concur or differ with the declaration made by the creator that the rebuttable assumptions have in reality been quenched I have given such huge numbers of reason s beneath .) From the above it is discernable that the courts shared an all around characterized component established practically speaking law of deciding an expectation of the gatherings, notwithstanding, the Emogenous case presents a sweeping way to deal with deciding the aim of the gatherings which is such that the courts ought to consider all parts of the case before it can reach to an educated resolution. The point of reference in Emogenous and Evans case stimulated a generous lawful discontent where a few pundits contended that larger part of social and family understandings ordinarily, are not planned to be enforceable in a court or authoritative and consequently by stifling the assumption rule, a premature delivery of equity will happen for one gathering on the grounds that the other is just implementing the understanding for legitimate expedience.[9] Thus it very well may be yielded that the target test won't give an impartial equity to the gatherings. In applying the Balfour case above, it very well may be battled likewise that, without such assumptions the offended party in any such case will consistently be confronted with a burdensome obligation of demonstrating that an expectation to be lawfully bound exists. It has likewise been agued that the courts ought to maintain the assumptions that have been set by custom-based law however should enhance the precedent-based law with other fair standard and not so much smother the custom-based law assumption rule.[10] The court ought to be guided by the wording of the understanding and the direct of the gatherings in the event that they could lead a sensible individual into being convinced on a parity of likelihood that the gatherings proposed to be lawfully bound as was held in Smith v Hughes.[11] This test I will be successful and will abstain from leaving one gathering on the losing side of the balances of equity and along these lines evenhanded equity will host been rendered to the gatherings. It is of specific essentialness to take note of that the assumptions have in a few examples been seen not as accommodating in deciding the goal of the gatherings. It has been held that the test that ought to be applied is the target test alone. The essential appointed authority in Tadrous v Tadrous[12] If it is appeared on a parity of likelihood that the wording of the understanding and the direct of the gatherings can lead a sensible individual to accept that the is an agreement then such an aim to make legitimate relationship existed in any case, on the off chance that the equivalent isn't appeared, at that point the goal didn't exist and this target test alone will do the trick to demonstrate an aim. In Gray v Gray[13] Young CJ and Bryson JJA found an advance understanding between a mother and child to be lawfully official. They would not have any significant bearing the assumptions fighting that an appropriate evaluation ought to be made on each exceptional situation and the setting in which the gatherings managing one another, regardless of whether by applying the previous the court will display an aim to be legitimately bound. An increasingly influential position was reached in Ashton v Pratt[14] where the court held that one ought to have into thought the topic of the understanding, the individual relationship of the gatherings that existed when they were going into the understanding and all other encompassing conditions, to decide the expectation of the gatherings. The court for this situation applied the Emogenous case in totality and found the assumptions to have no capacity at all in deciding the expectation. A fascinating dispute appear to be that where a parent and kid concur that the kid surrender his life and vocation in order to deal with privately-owned company or to deal with an old matured parent and a prize is guaranteed tin that sense, it ought to be deduced that from the understanding, an expectation to be legitimately bound was living in the wording of such an understanding and the lead of the parties.[15] It is important that if the assumption test is applied for this situation the kid will be at an overwhelming danger of encountering shamefulness. It very well may be expressed that the hypothetical test isn't a thorough test. It is one that is emotional and takes a gander at the case introduced from the presumptive worth and just gives a determination dependent on a shallow appearance of the conditions of the case.[16] The not out of the question and only way to follow which is likewise the most secure way, as has been contended, is through a target assessment of the genuine conditions and setting of the gatherings and later from such an assessment one can derive whether there was an expectation to be legitimately bound or whether the understanding was only a true understanding which reflected love and trust between the gatherings however was lawfully lacking. [17] Over or more all, since the assumptions have been doused and have lost significance in lion's share of the choices in Australia, it is verifiable in these choices that the target test won't be applied where in a social or residential understanding the gatherings incorporate a proviso expressing explicitly their expectation to be lawfully bound. The impact of any such proviso is that the courts might be guided by the condition and subsequently, it will deduce that the gatherings proposed to be legitimately bound and the understanding ough t to be enforceable. We should take recognizance of the way that any equivocal word in such a provision will make the statement ineffectual and subsequently gatherings won't have the option to get away from the expectation to be lawfully bound. It has been proposed that the unavoidable significance of the target test ought to be supported by the trustworthiness of the gatherings and to guarantee that the test isn't exposed to mishandle. Further, it hosts been contended that exposing the gatherings to a target test to decide the goal parties keeps the gatherings from reneging on their commitments in the understanding and is additionally a motivation to guarantee that the gatherings don't distort or misconstrue the aims of one another towards the agreement.[18] A contention against the Objective test applied in the ongoing changes in the conversation of goal in contract law is that the choice to mold the statute of goal to be lawfully bound in contract law utilizing the target speculation has the impact of pulling back the expectation of a sensible man inside the conditions and setting of the case however not what was very the psyche of the parties.[19]

Lewis and Clark Expedition essays

Lewis and Clark Expedition expositions Large Car Companys treatment of its plant and gear delineates the verifiable cost standard. This standard requires the utilization of the trade cost at the time an exchange happens to be the reason for at first account resources. At the point when Big Car underwrites the expense of plant and hardware, it is charging the benefit represent the underlying expense. Enormous Car utilizes the coordinating guideline when it dispenses the expense over the future time frames. This guideline expresses that costs are related with the incomes they helped the firm to gain. Enormous Car does that when it dispenses cost over the future time frames that profit by the plant and gear. The subjective trait of unquestionable status is outlined by the way that Big Car Companys CPA firm concurs that Big Cars methodology are absolutely in consistence with sound accounting guidelines (GAAP). Unquestionable status implies that at least two bookkeepers taking a gander at a similar data would show up at around a similar outcome. Large Car is utilizing materiality when it costs plant and hardware that cost under $500,000. Materiality permits firms to utilize a catalyst technique to deal with sums that are too little to even think about affecting client choices. The plant and hardware meet the meaning of an advantage, so it is right that Big Car records them in that capacity. The definition says that advantages are plausible future monetary advantages got or constrained by an element because of a past exchange. Enormous Cars plant and hardware meet every one of the three pieces of the definition. ... <!

Trinity and the Paschal Mystery - Free Essay Example

For the past decades, the Catholic Trinitarian theology has approached the mystery of the Trinity with a reflection on paschal mystery on the death and the resurrection of Jesus. Before then, the death and the resurrection of Jesus were vividly recognized, but it was not considered to be any relevant at all. In addition to this, the Augustinian- Thomistic reference was never detailed about the death and the resurrection of Jesus. That is direct references such as the Easter events, their chronology, and their importance was never recognized, and hence no direct reference was made. Right now in this new development, the death and the resurrection of Jesus are set to have new meaning and hence a new development. In this new development, the death and the resurrection of Jesus are now perceived in a different light, to have a proper theological meaning and hence a revelation of God’s being. The Trinity and the Paschal Mystery answers the questions, the development the theory has contributed to the Trinitarian theology and why this development has arisen in such a stage in the tradition. In the Trinity, there are three images which bring about a clear description of the relationship between the Trinitarian life and the paschal mystery of the death and the resurrection of Jesus. These three images include the Rublev’s Angelic Trinity, the Throne of Grace and Bach’s musical icon in the B Minor Mass. In addition to this, these three images show a profound appreciation of the relationship of the Trinitarian life and the paschal mystery. In the Rublev’s icon, unity is commonly realized by the harmony that color brings and in addition to this, there is also the gentle movement of people towards each other. The understanding is directed towards the Eucharistic chalice on the table which defines the death on the cross which was saving to humanity. Now, whether the central figure is taken towards the son or the father, all this now depends on the consent of the three people in the trinity and also towards the incarnation and the death which is most eloquent expressed. In the image of the Throne of Grace, which is considered by Van der Goes in the National Gallery of Scotland and also in El Greco’s representation. The father is holding the body of the crucified son in his lap as a sign of compassion and also as a gesture of acceptance and comforting him like the way a father does.   This s unlike the case of Abraham where he had to wait for God’s plea towards his son, but it is in this case that the father spares his son who has offered himself in obedience and full compassion. In such a scenario, the both images depict that the Trinitarian life is given a complete expression that unveils in the events of the death and the resurrection of the Son. Therefore, the focus of the eternal love of the Father, the Son, and the Holy Spirit is the love that is depicted within. .(Mario, 2013) The Trinity and the Paschal Mystery is not only essential on this methodological level, but also it becomes timely at some point. This is the case since, according to the most recent Trinitarian theologies, this mystery brings forth a perspective that is valuable and hence, in this case, it completes and enriches the beliefs of the Trinity. Such views include the orthodox theology, the Protestant theology, and the classical roman theology. A few theologians, who have looked into the Paschal mystery deeper, have come up with an innovative line of thought. This innovative line of thought has brought Ann hunt to follow up on other few theologians such as Francois Durwell, GhislainLafont and so on and so forth. According to each of the theologians, each has expressed a type of dissatisfaction with classical Latin and the Trinitarian theology. In this case, the triune God will come out with a particular Paschal character and hence when approached in such a way; it will bring about an effect in the understanding of the divine perfections. In the Bible, the triune God is recognized and also revealed. For instance, in the book of Genesis, when the Lord says, ‘and behold, man has become one of us,’and also when the Lord says, ‘let us make man in our image. We should note that God does not use the words We, or Us in the bible to be able to magnify himself. In such a context, in the Bible when God uses such plural words it is to indicate that he is a triune God. In addition to this, one should also note that in the bible, there are different uses of different phrases. Take for instance, ‘and God met Balaam. This is a phrase referring to the context God the Father. Then there is the other phrase, ‘ and the Lord met Balaam’ this is referring to the Lord Jesus Christ. Then there is the phrase, ‘and the spirit of God came upon them,’ in this case, this is referring to the Holy Spirit. Note in this case; the different phrases have been used to refer to the triune revealing and supporting the triune in the Bible.

Literature Review Summary - 19571 Words

CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION 1.1 BACKGROUND OF RESEARCH The essence of the dissertation principally to carry out relationship that exist between the impact of customer satisfaction and business performance from its antecedents of customer loyalty and retention, customer relationship management, based on performance of attribute in retail industry. A case study of ASDA is presented as concept proof. A detailed background of satisfaction of customer, loyalty and retention towards product or service performance represents the continuous challenges in the corporate financial gain and loss. Organisations usually consider enhanced customer relationship management (CRM) as a reputable asset to the core function of their organisation. A†¦show more content†¦It proves link between qualities of service attributes and satisfaction of customer is basically asymmetric. Above all, this research shows link between satisfaction of customer, loyalty and retention. Such approach of such of customer behaviour helps provide service and generates profit in a meaningful way. 1.4 AIMS AND OBEJECTIVES OF THE RESEARCH 1.5 AIMS The Research aim is to create a framework of impact of customer satisfaction on large supermarket business performance 1.6 OBJECTIVES The following objectives are carried out so as to meet research aim. 1. To understand the satisfaction of customer as an antecedent to customer loyalty. 2. To know the imperative of customer relationship management (CRM) and loyalty of customer. 3. To understand customer loyalty concept. 4. To recommend on how to build customer satisfaction with regards to customer loyalty and managing customer relationship. 1.7 METHODOLOGY OF RESEARCH Essence of the dissertation understands customer’s satisfaction impact on business performance through some of its antecedents among who are attributes of service quality, retention of customer and loyalty, and management of customer relationship at a highly dynamic and competitive United Kingdom retail industry. The thesis takes the philosophy of realism as a stance which means observation can only be regarded as credible if it is made from different perspectives and creates greater efficiency and effectiveShow MoreRelatedSummary of Literature Review on Dividends2145 Words   |  9 Pagestopic or field of the literature review article The article is called Dividend policy: A review of Theories and Empirical Evidence. In this article, the main theories on dividend policy are described and their credibility is evaluated. Connection between the reviewed paper and my research proposal According to my research proposal, the master thesis topic will be â€Å"Comparative analysis of companies’ dividend policy: international perspective†. Therefore, the literature review on dividend policyRead MoreLiterature Review Summary on Total Quality Management562 Words   |  2 PagesLiterature Review Summary Quality assurance is the act of analyzing processes and monitoring operations to ensure that high quality standards are being met at all times. There are many models that can be used to meet these objectives and also many matrices that can be formed to monitor quality. 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An effective literature review also provides a space to elaborate on future work to be done on aRead MoreEssay Literature Review1001 Words   |  5 PagesLiterature Review The purpose of this research project is for you to create a scholarly piece of graduate-level research and writing, which conforms to APA format. Competency in the APA format is required of all Business graduates of Liberty University, as set forth by policy of both the Graduate Faculty and the administration. You will research and write a literature review on a topic relevant to our course. What is a Literature Review? â€Å"A literature review discusses published informationRead MoreEvidence Based Practice Article Summary Worksheet Individual Work1357 Words   |  6 PagesNRSADVN 4780—Evidence-based Practice Article Summary Worksheet—individual work Instructions: Complete the following article summary using the articles you’ve chosen. You will complete one summary for each article. Not every article will have all of the sections mentioned below. If your article doesn’t have a particular section, indicate so in the appropriate area and move on to the next section. Submit either this completed worksheet or a word document where you’ve answered eachRead MoreThe Effect Of Pay Level On Job Performance Of Call Center Employees Essay858 Words   |  4 PagesCourse Project 7 This article presents the outline of the research project, including the different sections and summary descriptions of the information contained in each section. Overall, the research comprises six different sections. These include the introduction, literature review, analysis approach, results, discussion, and conclusion. It is important that these sections are well knit to ensure a logical flow of ideas and clarity in the presentation of the research report. The following section

Myth and Violence in The Waste Land Essay - 2655 Words

As evidenced by his writings, T.S. Eliot has a profound appreciation for the use of myth as a point of departure for maintaining a cultural or historical perspective. In The Waste Land, his employment of myth is not simply an allusive and metaphorical tactic, but rather an attempt at relating his own ideas and tropes to universals in order to establish some external order for the chaos he is presenting: The element of myth in his art is not so much a creative method, a resumption of the role of mythic poet, as it is an intellectual strategy, a device for gaining perspective on himself and on his myth-forsaken time (Ellmann, 621). He draws from the ideas existing in the collective unconsciousness (which compose myth) and the†¦show more content†¦It is this violence, the product of the human unconscious through natural observances, which is so fundamental to the completion of mythic structures and which is altogether missing from Eliots The Waste Land. His departure from myth here demonstrates his lack of faith in society to rebuild itself- to purge, purify, and be reborn- according to the means supplied by history and tradition. In Eliots notes to The Waste Land, he alludes to several significant catalogues of myth: the Bible, Dantes Inferno, Virgils Aeneid, Ovids Metamorphoses, and Miltons Paradise Lost. However, he primarily points his readers to Weston and Frazer: Not only the title, but the plan and a good deal of the incidental symbolism of the poem were suggested by Miss Jessie L. Westons book on Grail Legend: From Ritual to Romance (Cambridge). Indeed, so deeply am I indebted, Miss Westons book will elucidate the difficulties of the poem much better than my notes can do; and I recommend it (apart from the great interest of the book itself) to any who think such elucidation of the poem worth the trouble. To another work of anthropology I am indebted in general, one which has influenced our generation profoundly; I mean The Golden Bough ; I have used especially the two volumes Adonis, Attis, Osiris. Anyone who is acquainted with these works will immediately recognize in the poem certain references to vegetation ceremonies (Eliot,Show MoreRelated`` So Rudely Forced : The Breakdown Of Traditional Masculinity Essay2048 Words   |  9 PagesDr. Domestico Modern Poetry â€Å"So Rudely Forced†: The Breakdown of Traditional Masculinity in the Waste Land T.S. Eliot’s The Waste Land explores modernism, specifically focusing on the troubling of binaries and the breakdown of the traditional. The boundaries between life and death, wet and dry, male and female, and more are called into question in Eliot’s conception of modernity and the waste land. 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Appalachia?s residents are seen as lazy

Measures of Gender Pay Gaps Reflect The Full Extent of Workplace Discr

Question: To what extent do measures of gender pay gaps reflect the full extent of workplace gender discrimination? Answer: Measures Of Gender Pay Gaps Reflect The Full Extent Of Workplace Discrimnation The changes in the economic, social, political and demographical environment had made this complex world a difficult place to survive. What is necessary in this era is to modernize the mind set of people towards an arena where they can accept new ideologies. In India, the population is ever increasing women constituting around 48% of the Indian society. Studies revealed that the potential work force of women is half the women population. But in reality, the labor force participation for women is much lower, around 29% of the women population. This can be viewed as the fact that the glass ceiling in most of the workplaces havent shed their wings. Even now this is prevalent that women find it difficult in terms of gender-biased hiring practices to enter the workplace. Discrimination at every level of professionalism is prevalent for women. Gender inequality is something which enables to assess the labor force participation based on gender. Gender pay gap arises out of this gender inequ ality. Gender pay gap may be defined as the differences in income in the labor market between women and men in paid employment. The performance in a labor market is based on the capabilities of the labors. But it is quite common to experience a disparity in terms of wage in the labor industry. The difference in these wages is due to differences in labor productivity. But it is difficult to establish the reason why do certain workers face a disadvantage in terms of lower wage and increased risk of losing job. And it still remains groundless to explain why certain factors like gender, religion or race matter in terms of discrimination. Discrimination is defined as the differences in wages when workers have equitable productivity. The measure of disadvantage in labor market is widely categorized as pay gaps and segregation. A publication of the International Labour Organization (ILO) in 2009 about Global Employment Trends for Women gives us the evidence that the pace of reduction in gender pay gaps in Europe and Central Asia is slow and according to the ILO, there has been evidences that in most of the countries the wage difference in men and women has increased. The gender pay gap is an ubiquitous issue existing in all forms of labor market. Several theories have been formulated to explain the disparity in payments in the labor market in terms of gender. One such approach is the Human Capital Approach. When individuals spend money and time in purchasing goods and commodities, they extract satisfaction it which is the return on investing resources on a particular good. Likewise, individuals also spend money and time on learning and developing skill to earn a future return by increasing their productivity. This process of enhancing productivity by investment helps to gain power in the work force, of course in the future. The stock of skills and knowledge that individuals manifest which later on improves their productivity in market activities is the human capital. The human capital theory formulates that the differences in the wages for male and female are different because of the difference in the human capital accumulation. It is seen that women tend to acquire less of human capital because of traditional belief of division of labor. In earlier years women used to be confined to household chores. Their choice of going to school and gaining knowledge was of limited option. It can be seen that the women accumulated less skill and knowledge and thus they be paid less. But another analysis suggests that as the educational qualification increases the wage difference between men and women increases. There is clear evidence that for qualification upto plus 2 or equivalent, the percentage of wage pay gap is 11.54% and for post doctoral level, the percentage of gender pay gap is the highest at 180%.(Paycheck.in, 2015) The cause of a gender pay gap is not solely based on the differences in human capital. The next approach that has equally led to the gender pay gaps is the labor market discrimination. This is more like occupational segregation where the employers tastes and preferences are considered. In India, employers are prone to hire male workers rather than female workers. Employers mainly discriminates women based on their capability to work. Some employers have the perception that certain set of jobs are not for women because it requires a lot of manual and physical work which is the job of men as they are physically stronger than women. But sometimes, an employer hires a woman because she charges less than the men who charges high for the same work. Paying low wage is an objective of an employer of cost minimization irrespective of the gender. A woman, who is deprived of work everywhere, will be ready to work at low wage. Thus from here arises the gender pay gaps. According to the Bergmann, if employers start discriminating women at a large scale then women would be completely excluded from the jobs of male and a situation of overcrowding occurs in the female jobs. (Aldred et al., 2011) Empirical analysis reveals that about two-third of the gender pay gap consists of discrimination. In India, the work structure for women are basically secretaries, teachers and nurses but even these fields they are deprived of high wages. This undervaluation is because the physical requirement of the work is assessed. If the work is laborious and demands a lot of physical effort then the work is automatically allotted to a man rather than a woman. It is to be kept in mind that even if we try to establish that men and women must be treated equal, there is still this inhibition regarding the type of work. So the gender discrimination gives rise to gender pay gaps. The unpaid caring sector of women is concerned with looking after children and family. Here the woman does not choose certain occupations but the employers prefer men over women in certain work. Also the women take up the responsibility of the household chore rather than human capital accumulation which result in a low pay in the workplace. Every woman at some point or the other engages themselves in parenthood. It is the time that they choose to stay home and look after their children. This makes easier for the employer to discriminate and not offer jobs to women who are not married and have the potential to get married. As they tend to quit jobs more often. Thus discrimination comes up. Based on the analysis carried out on 16,500 online responses where 13,729 are male and 2,771 females over a period of 6 years, we see that the wage differential is highest in the year 2008 and thereafter there was reduction in this differential for the next three years. To understand the scenario of India better, the country is divided into six zones and a research was carried on. It depicted that the highest gender pay gap is for the states of Assam, Rajasthan, Bihar and Madhya Pradesh where females are earning 64%, 59%, 50% and 47% respectively. On the basis of zonal analysis, the west zone ranks highest in terms of gender pay gap of 47% whereas the north zone has the lowest gender pay gaps of 30.50%.(Varkkey, 2012) In most countries of the world including India, the status of women in the labour market is menial with respect to the men. It is believed that women and men have different tasks to perform and are placed in different industries. The government of India had taken several measures and initiatives to diminish this wage gap between male and female. Several acts were passed by the government to prevent the discrimination of the gender disparity in the workplace. But because of inefficient implementation, these laws could not prove to be beneficial. Women are the main problem related to the improper implementation of these laws because most of them are not aware of such legislation that are made for their protection and rights. Thus, the gender pay gap in India must be thought of appropriately. References Aldred, J., Anand, P., Dawson, G., Groom, B., Himmelweit, S., Santos, C., Simonetti, R. and Slater, G. (2011).Doing economics. Milton Keynes: Open University. Paycheck.in, (2015).Why Women Earn Less than Men, Gender Pay Gap, Pay Disparity in India - PayCheck.in. [online] Available at: https://www.paycheck.in/main/world-map-gender-pay-gap/gender-pay-gap-in-india-1 [Accessed 17 Feb. 2015]. Varkkey, B. (2012).Gender Pay Gap in the Formal Sector. 1st ed. [ebook] WageIndicator. Available at: https://www.paycheck.in/files/gender-pay-gap-in-india-2006-2013 [Accessed 17 Feb. 2015].